Ancient Prehistoric Town Discovered in Bulgaria: Europe’s Oldest Settlement

Remarkable Archaeological Findings Near Varna, Bulgaria

In October 2012, archaeologists made a groundbreaking discovery near Varna, Bulgaria unearthing what is now considered Europe’s oldest prehistoric town. Dating back to 4,700 – 4,200 BC, this ancient settlement provides a unique glimpse into early human civilization, showcasing advanced architectural and societal structures.

Unearthing Ancient Structures

The excavation, led by Vasil Nikolov from the National Institute of Archaeology, has revealed a range of remarkable structures including two-story houses, ritual pits, gate components, bastions, and fortified walls. These findings in Bulgaria have been meticulously carbon-dated, confirming their antiquity and significance.

The more than 6,000-year-old mouthless prehistoric “alien” mask from the first prehistoric salt production center in Europe, located in Provadia, Northeast Bulgaria might have been a status symbol. Photo: Wikimedia Commons

Unique Characteristics of the Settlement

Unlike ancient cities found in Greece or Rome, this prehistoric town exhibits unique characteristics. Krum Bachvarov, a fellow archaeologist, describes the site as “extremely interesting,” particularly because of the unique burial positions and grave artifacts which differ from other Neolithic sites in Bulgaria. The large stone walls surrounding the settlement are unprecedented in prehistoric excavations in Southeast Europe, indicating a highly organized and advanced community.

The Economic Power of Salt

One of the most fascinating aspects of this ancient town is its connection to salt production. Provadia-Solnitsata, the settlement’s name, was strategically located near some of the largest rock-salt deposits in Southeast Europe. This valuable resource made the town a major center for salt production and trade. Starting around 5,500 BC, inhabitants began boiling salty water from springs using dome kilns, remnants of which have been discovered within the settlement.

Provadia Solnitsata salt production. Photo: Wikimedia Commons

Carbon dating conducted in a Glasgow laboratory has confirmed these early salt production activities. Nikolov noted that salt production saw a significant increase between 4,700 – 4,500 BC, with output rising from 25 kilograms to between 4,000 to 5,000 kilos. This economic strength likely contributed to the wealth found in the Varna Necropolis graves, dating back to 4,300 BC.

Wealth and Legacy

The town’s economic prosperity is further evidenced by the discovery of over 3,000 pieces of ancient jewelry, making it one of the richest prehistoric sites in terms of artifacts. Despite its historical wealth, the excavation has faced significant funding challenges. Nikolov has managed to continue the work through private donations and international collaboration, including volunteer experts and radiocarbon specialists from Germany.

Significance of the Discovery in Bulgaria

This ancient settlement, with its advanced architecture and early salt production techniques, provides a compelling reason to explore southeastern Bulgaria. The findings not only offer a window into early European civilization but also highlight the region’s historical importance. The discovery of Europe’s oldest prehistoric town near Varna is a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of our ancestors, shedding light on their complex societal structures and economic practices.